nxcanh
Để chuyển đổi từ câu trực tiếp (direct speech) sang câu gián tiếp (indirect speech) các bạn cần chú ý các quy tắc sau.
Dưới đây là các quy tắc quan trọng khi chuyển đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp các bạn cần ghi nhớ:
1. Changes of adverbial modifiers of time (thay đổi về bổ nghĩa chỉ thời gian):
– This –> that
– Now –> then, at the moment – at that time
– Tomorrow -> The next day, the day after
– To day –> that day
– Yesterday –> the day before, previous day
– 2 days ago –> 2 days before
– Last week –> the week before, previous week.
2. Change of the aspects and tenses (thay đổi về thể và thì)
– The simple present –> the simple past
– The simple past –> the past perfect
– The simple future –> the simple future in the past
– The present continuous –> the past continuous
– The past continuous –> the past perfect continuous
– The future continuous –> the future continuous in the past
– The present perfect –> the past perfect
– The past perfect remained unchanged –> the past perfect
– The present perfect continuous –> the past perfect continuous
– The past perfect continuous –> the past perfect continuous
– The future perfect -> The future perfect in the past
-The future perfect continuous -> The future perfect continuous in the past
3. Change of pronouns (thay đổi về đại từ )
– He said to me “I am now learning English” He said to me he was learning English.
4. Changes of sentences (thay đổi về loại câu)
a. Yes/ No question (câu hỏi dạng Yes/ No) có thêm “if” hoặc whether:
– He said to me “can you speak English “ => He asked me if/whether I could speak English
– He said to me “are you learning English now?” => He asked me if “whether” I was learning English at that moment (at that time) = He would like to know the if I was learning English at that time
b. Wh- question (Câu hỏi bắt đầu bằng “wh-“)
– He said to me: “What are you doing?” => He would like to know what I was doing
c. Alternative question (Câu nghi vấn)
– He said to me “Are you learning English or Chinese?” => He would like to know if i was learning English or Chinese
– He said to me “are we in love or just friend?” => He would like to know if we were in love or just friend
d. Tag question (Câu hỏi đuôi)
– He said to me “She is intelligent, isn’t she?” => He would like me to agree with him that she was intelligent.
e. Imperative sentence (câu mệnh lệnh)
– He said to me “Come in please!” => He asked me, invited me, he forced me, he would like me / to come in
– Father said to his daughter “don’t go out with him any more” => the father didn’t allow his daughter to go out with him any more
f. Exclamatory (Câu cảm thán)
– He said to me “How kind of you” => He highly appreciated my kindness
Note: indirect speech is applied in written English not in spoken English.
f. Declarative sentence (Câu trần thuật)
– He said to me “I am now talking with her” => He said to me he was talking with her at the moment.