Classification of English fricatives

State the classification of English fricatives and give examples for illustration

a. Manner of articulation: there are 9 fricatives

1. [ʃ ʒ ] VD: Show / ʃəʊ/ ; measure / meʒə /
2. [ s z ] VD: Song / sɔŋ /; nasal / neɪzəl /
3. [ f v ] VD: Laugh / lɑ:f / ; voice / vɔɪs/
4. [θ ð] VD: Tooth / tu:θ / ; they / ðeɪ /

b. Place of articulation:

1. Glottal h ]
2. labio-dental [ f v ]
3. alveolar [ s z ]
4. palato-alveolar [ʃ ʒ ]
5. Dental [θ ð ]

c. Absence or presence of the voice

1. Voiced [ v z ʒ ð ]
2. Voiceless [ h s ʃ f θ ]

d. Place of the soft palate:
1. Oral : [ h f v s z ʒ θ ð ]

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